Retirement planning is the process of building enough income and savings to support your living expenses after you stop working. It typically combines three sources: personal savings and investments, such as a 401(k), IRA, or brokerage account; Social Security; and any pension or annuity income.
Most retirement plans are built around two numbers: how much income you'll have, and how much income you'll need. Retirement income commonly needs to replace 70% to 80% of pre-retirement income, since some costs, such as retirement account contributions and commuting, go away once you stop working.
The two biggest levers in a retirement plan are how much you save and how long you save it. Additional years of contributions give your investments more time to compound.
Retirement accounts fall into two tax categories. Traditional accounts use pre-tax contributions and taxable withdrawals. Roth accounts use after-tax contributions and tax-free withdrawals.
Once you reach RMD age, 73 or 75 depending on your birth year, the IRS requires minimum withdrawals from most pre-tax retirement accounts.